Mágia narodenín/Birthday Magic
- Hana Kovac
- Jul 17, 2022
- 4 min read
Updated: Jul 22, 2023

Darčeky, torta so sviečkami, či spev - moderné oslavy narodenín sú rovnaké takmer všade na svete. Rozmýšľali ste však odkiaľ sa tieto zvyky vzali?
Kolískou astrológie je Mezopotámia. Už tamojší mudrci vypozorovali, ako na úrodu pôsobia jednotlivé planéty ako Mesiac, Saturn či Urán. V Egypte boli oslavy nástupu faraóna na trón oslavami znovuzrodenia panovníka ako boha, čiže ich môžme považovať za starodávne oslavy narodenín. Alebo znovuzrodenín?

Okolo roku 700 pred Kristom bol vytvorený systém zverokruhu ako ho poznáme dnes a najstaršie horoskopy boli vytvorené už okolo roku 410 pred Kristom. Gréci oslavovali svojich bohov počas celého roka a bohyni Artemis, dcére Dia a sestre Apollóna vďačíme za sviečky na narodeninovom koláči. Bola bohyňou lovu, mesiaca a pôrodov, a na jej počesť sa konal festival, počas ktorého sa ako obetné koláče ponúkali koláče so sviečkou na vrchu ako symbol svitu mesiaca. Sfúknutím sviečky ste modlitbu poslali do neba - nepripomína vám to niečo?
V období, kedy dlhovekosť bola skôr výnimkou ako pravidlom, dostal každý Riman, ktorý sa dožil päťdesiatky, koláč upečený z múky, olivového oleja, syra a medu. No a pozvánky na narodeniny sa posielali už vtedy, ako môžme vidieť na jednej drevenej tabuľke z roku 100 pred Kristom.

V dávnych časoch sa tiež verilo, že nás počas života ochraňuje duch, a narodeniny slúžia na potvrdenie priazne práve jemu. Dôležité však bolo pozvať na oslavu len tých, ktorí nám prajú to najlepšie, ako je to ostatne až dodnes. Nikto predsa nepozve na oslavu narodenín vlastných nepriateľov, no nie? Hudba a krik slúžila na odplašenie zlých duchov, podobne ako ako aj dym zo sviečok.
Kresťanstvu sa oslavy narodenín veľmi nepozdávali. Boli hlučné a v ich očiach nevhodné. Nakoniec však v snahe získať si na svoju stranu čo najviac prívržencov, zaviedli oslavy Vianoc ako narodenia Krista (viac o zimnom slnovrate sa dočítate tu). Oslavy narodenín si však mohli dovoliť len tí najbohatší, podobne ako si mohli dovoliť i astrológov. Tí boli konzultovaní pred dôležitými udalosťami ako vojnou, lekárskou diagnózou alebo pri predpovedaní budúcnosti. Inkvizícia však astrológiu odsúdila ako čarodejníctvo, a mnohí boli nútení skrývať svoje astrologické znalosti. Keď však v roku 1750 uverejnili anglické noviny horoskop na počesť narodenia člena britskej kráľovskej rodiny, astrológia znova prišla do módy.

Podobne ako tradíciu adventného kalendára (o vianočných zvykoch čítajte viac tu) , oslavu narodenín ako ju poznáme dnes, majú na svedomí Nemci, konkrétne nemeckí pekári. Počas tzv. Kinderfest, rodičia dieťaťu pripravili darčeky a koláč s počtom sviečok podľa veku. Pridali dokonca aj sviečku na ďaľší rok ako želanie prežitia ďalšieho roka. Koláče si však znova mohli dovoliť iba najbohatší, keďže suroviny na ich výrobu boli drahé. Industriálna revolúcia však priniesla koláče do domov aj nemajetných.
Či už vaša torta bude honosná alebo skromná, ak oslavujete, želám vám krásne narodeniny.
Birthday Magic
Gifts, cake with candles or singing - modern birthday celebrations are the same almost everywhere in the world. But have you ever wondered where these customs came from?
The cradle of astrology is Mesopotamia. The sages there already observed how individual planets such as the Moon, Saturn or Uranus affect the harvest. In Egypt, the celebrations of the pharaoh's accession to the throne were celebrations of the king's rebirth as god, so we can consider them as ancient birthday celebrations.
The zodiac system as we know it today was created around 700 BC, and the oldest horoscopes were created around 410 BC. The Greeks celebrated their gods throughout the year, and we owe the candles on our birthday cake to the goddess Artemis, daughter of Zeus and sister of Apollo. She was the goddess of the hunt, the moon and childbirth, and a festival was held in her honor during which cakes were offered as offerings with a candle on top as a symbol of the moonlight. By blowing out the candle, you sent prayer to heaven - doesn't it remind you of something?
At a time when longevity was an exception rather than the rule, every Roman who lived to the age of fifty was given a cake made of flour, olive oil, cheese and honey. Birthday invitations were already sent back then, as we can see on one wooden tablet from 100 BC.
In ancient times, it was also believed that a spirit protects us during life, and birthdays serve to confirm his favor. However, it was important to invite only those who wish us the best otherwise it brought bad luck. That is, after all, still the case to this day. Music and shouting served to scare away evil spirits, as did candle smoke.
Christianity did not like birthday celebrations very much. They were noisy and inappropriate they thought. However, in an effort to gain as many followers as possible, they introduced the celebration of Christmas as the birth of Christ. Only the richest could afford birthday celebrations, just as they could also afford astrologers. They were consulted before important events such as war, medical diagnosis or when predicting the future. Alas, the Inquisition condemned astrology as witchcraft, and many were forced to hide their astrological knowledge. When an English newspaper published a horoscope in honor of the birth of a member of the British royal family in 1750, astrology came back into vogue.
Similar to the tradition of the advent calendar, the birthday celebration as we know it today was created by German bakers. During the so-called Kinderfest, parents prepared gifts and a cake with the number of candles according to age for the child. They even added a next year's birthday candle as a wish to survive until next year's birthday. Only the richest could afford cakes, as the raw materials for their production were expensive. However, the industrial revolution brought pies to the homes of the poor as well. Whether your cake is lavish or modest, if you're celebrating, I wish you a wonderful birthday.
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